![]() Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis using the immune sera confirmed the haptenic nature of xylitol. D-Xylitol-BSA conjugate was used to raise IgE antibodies in BALB/c mice by repeated intradermal administration. Xylitol antibodies showed excellent specificity towards xylitol and <4.4% cross-reactivity with D-xylose and various sugar alcohols except ribitol and galactitol, which showed approximately 11% and 8% cross-reactivity, respectively. Although the purified antibodies are specific for the xylitoyl moiety of xylitol-protein conjugates, they reacted equally well with the Schiff base conjugate of xylosyl-protein conjugates (68% cross-reactivity) indicating that carbons 2 to 5 of xylitol act as an epitope. Purified xylitol-specific antibodies appeared to be homogeneous by native PAGE with a pI of approximately 7.2 by isoelectric focusing. Purification of antixylitol antibodies was carried out using hapten-affinity chromatography on xylitol-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-Sepharose CL-6B the yield was approximately 40 microg/mL of rabbit immune serum. Rabbits immunized with xylitol-BSA conjugate (52 haptens/molecule) gave a good antibody response. ![]() In order to explain the immunogenicity of xylitol, polyclonal antibodies to xylitol have been raised using the reductive aminated product of D-xylose conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the immunogen. Xylitol does not contain any reactive groups hence, it is nonimmunogenic. Because of its low molecular weight and negligible structural complexity, the generation of antibodies to kresoxim-methyl noticeably requires the preparation of functionalized haptens. The immune response elicited by hapten-carrier. If the hapten-albumin complex is larger than 3,000 MW, it becomes immunogenic. A case of oral erosive eczema to xylitol has been reported recently. Kresoxim-methyl was one of the two first strobilurins to be discovered, and nowadays it is widely used as an antifungal agent in crop protection. Haptens frequently bind to proteins in blood serum, such as albumin. Equivalent antibody affinities were detected between the three groups, but the bivalent group showed two-fold higher titers and an additive increase in nicotine serum binding capacity as compared to the monovalent groups. Xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol, and a low-calorie alternative sweetener to sucrose (approx 40% fewer calories), has enjoyed an enviable record of safety, and allergic reactions to xylitol are very rare. It was confirmed that antisera generated by these structurally distinct haptens have minimal cross-reactivity and stimulate different B cell populations. Sugar alcohols are widely used as food additives and drug excipients.
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